Okay. We are good to go. Welcome to this Novo Nordisk fireside at the 61st Edition of EASD here in Vienna. Welcome to all of you in the room and also welcome to those listening in online.

Today’s call will focus on the R&D and in the pipeline, and we’re here today with Martin, who will take us through some of the developments later. Before we get into it, just a usual word of caution in terms of the forward-looking statements and that the future is unpredictable, that pertains, in particular, when it comes to the pipeline.

In terms of the format, Martin will spend a few minutes on some opening remarks. After that, we’ll turn it to you in the room where we go around with 1 question each, and we’ll take the discussion where you would like to go. As said, we’ll focus the call on the pipeline and R&D events, both pertaining to the EASD, but also to the pipeline overall.

So with that, welcome, and over to you, Martin.

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

Thank you very much. So basically, I’ll just talk a little bit about the new R&D organization that has been created in Novo Nordisk. As you know, for the last 5 years, we’ve had 2 distinct organization, research and development. And we back in August, decided to remerge those two areas.

This was done to create the strategic but also — and maybe primarily the scientific synergies that we see from early research to the later stage development, but more importantly, also actually feeding the clinical data that we generate back into research, driving not only new targets and target discovery, but also supporting some of the propositions that we are developing in research.

As also, I have to say, a little bit of an efficiency game by collapsing to organizations. So from an execution perspective, we can see already now that we are making faster decisions. We are progressing faster in terms of not only our research, but also our clinical pipeline and obviously, having the new organization in place already, it was announced mid-August. So it’s been in place in approximately a month. That is quite gratifying.

So you also heard it from Mike, and we discussed it a little bit at the roadshow in August. Our strategy has not changed. We are diabetes — we are an obesity company. Our key research but also development focus will be in the obesity, in the diabetes space. But we’ve received some questions, are we then walking away from commodities? We are not. We are very serious about not only understanding but also treating the comorbidities that are related to diabetes and obesity.

But we allow ourselves to say when we are, for example, looking at cardiovascular disease, there are more than 200 distinct diagnoses in cardiovascular disease. And if you have cardiovascular disease, but not obesity, maybe that’s not where Novo Nordisk will do innovation. So we’re focused on addressing the cardiovascular, the renal, the kidney diseases that are related to and typically stems from diabetes and obesity. So that’s our focus. And then obviously, we also have our focus on Rare Disease. And I guess we’ll not discuss that too much today.

This has been a very exciting EASD for us. It to an extent, reflects our obesity, our diabetes pipeline. We have, at this EASD shown new data on semaglutide. You know our pledge, we will continuously serve patients suffering from diabetes, from obesity with semaglutide and generating new indications. But also generating new offerings in this case, in the space of higher doses of semaglutide. So we’ve now shown that we can accrue a full 21% weight loss with semaglutide in obesity. That together with a well-known safety and tolerability profile and obviously, the CV benefit, the MASH benefits, we believe, creates a unique offering in the space of obesity.

This has been filed for European regulatory approval already as we speak. And as was disclosed yesterday, I think, by me. We also have a plan and intend to do U.S. regulatory filing during Q4 of this year. We are disclosing the details of the oral version of semaglutide for obesity later today, and that is still — I don’t think it’s out yet. So that is still under embargo, but you heard me talk about the data, 17% weight loss, well-known safety and tolerability profile. And obviously, with the current U.S. regulatory review, part of our review process is disclosing with the regulators if the CV benefits that we know with semaglutide, the subcutaneous semaglutide can also enter the oral semaglutide label in obesity.

We’re moving beyond that. All of our [ CTs ] are obviously very exciting and you have been kind enough to show a lot of interest in those. But you’ve also often time asked how does that translate into real-world evidence. And we have, at this EASD seen a number of real-world evidence studies. Some — most focusing on the cardiovascular benefits of semaglutide still, some using a standard of care comparator and then there’s one study using an active comparator. In all cases, confirming the benefits that we know from semaglutide.

And also a little bit what we’ve discussed before, from a numerical perspective, semaglutide does seem to stand out in diabetes. That’s where we have the most comparative data with a 26% CV risk reduction. And in obesity, we would expect to see the same, but we also had to acknowledge that at this point in time, semaglutide is the only molecule in the obesity space that has established CV benefits.

But all of that being confirmed by real-world evidence, which is obviously really, really gratifying for us. And then we have shown data from our pipeline, CagriSema and amycretin and so on. So very, very exciting. Doesn’t stop there. We’ll have a busy year and moving towards the end of the year, we’ll see the CagriSema readout for type 2 diabetes, the REIMAGINE program.

I just want to caution you because that will always create noise. The first study to read out is REIMAGINE 3. That is add-on to insulin, and that’s maybe not the first study where you will see a good indication of what can CagriSema do in type 2 diabetes. So just to level that the first pivotal study will read out actually after REIMAGINE 3. And that’s basically the duration of the studies that is driving that. But just to call that out.

Then obviously, very interesting also in the space of type 2 diabetes, we’ll see the readout for amycretin, obviously, that is also going to be very interesting. We primarily see amycretin as an obesity drug, but given the biology of both amylin and GLP-1, obviously, it’s prudent to investigate the diabetes potential as well. And then we are aiming to do the resubmission of once-weekly icodec in U.S. As you know, this has been approved in a number of countries outside of U.S. and actually also launched outside of the U.S. and the U.S. resubmission is from a patient-centric perspective, very important to us.

In the obesity space, I almost don’t know where to start. Obviously, the regulatory approval of the oral semaglutide, so that we, as per plan, can launch oral semaglutide in U.S. Q1 of next year. That is going to be interesting. The REDEFINE 4 results and regulatory submission in U.S. That’s not so much for this year, maybe at least the REDEFINE 4 results. That’s for Q1 of next year. So that is also going to be very exciting.

And then I think this year, cagrilintide Phase III initiation, I saw some interesting sort of speculation on what does that mean. And just to spend 2 seconds on that. And I know [ Jan ] will want to go into Q&A. I sometimes get a question, why would you launch a drug that only gives 12% weight loss? And that’s very, very clear. And you — some of you have heard me talk about that before.

We see obesity as a complex disease, a disease where individual patients have individual needs. And just to give you an example, if you have BMI of 30, a 25% weight loss will get you to a BMI of 22, and that is maybe not what patients want. Maybe that patient would like to have 12% weight loss with fewer side effects. And we know from REDEFINE 1 that cagrilintide monotherapy gives exactly that 12% weight loss, at least in that study and approximately half of the gastrointestinal side effects that we saw with the GLP-1 analogs.

So we do believe that there is a substantial proportion of patients living with obesity that will benefit from that treatment. Then the way we think about it, Wegovy or semaglutide, is for a slightly higher weight loss and a focus on comorbidities. And then from a pipeline perspective, moving into the higher weight losses with CagriSema, with amycretin, with our triple agonist and also focusing on comorbidities there.

I think it’s important to call out there is room for a moderate weight loss, low gastrointestinal side effect drug in the obesity space. And what we take a lot of comfort in is that we can actually serve all of those — all that broad spectrum with our portfolio. And then both, as we’ve just discussed for semaglutide, but also for amycretin the oral offering. And just to point that out, when we initiate Phase III for amycretin, the program will contain both subcutaneous, but also all subprograms, so we pursue both.

We’ll see later this year, Phase I results from our tri-agonist. That’s going to be the first readout. And just a disclaimer, this is not developing as we did for amycretin. So it’s going to be a reasonably small study. It will lead to a Phase II program because I cannot conclude definitively because it is a small and short study, I cannot conclude definitively on dosing, on efficacy and safety. So we’ll go into Phase II there, just to call that out.

And then obviously, later we’ll see the readout from the other tri-agonist. And I hope all of you know the difference. The first tri-agonist is GLP-1, GIP amylin. And the second one, the [ UPT ] asset is GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, filling our pipeline with a differentiated range of molecules. And then obviously, the newly acquired LX9851 which is the Acyl-CoA Synthetase inhibitor, I really am tongue twisting myself here, which is also going to be interesting. We see that as a potential play as it’s a small molecule. So that would be an oral offering also in the space of obesity.

And similarly, in Rare Disease, I think Ludovic is now covering the full spectrum of our portfolio, but he still has a heart for Rare Disease. So he is looking forward to the submission of Mim8. He’s been waiting for that — and then obviously, we are very, very interested in seeing the readout first with the evoke trials in Alzheimer’s disease. [ Jacob ] wants to caution me, and I agree with him. This is high risk, the attrition in Alzheimer’s by definition because of the nature of the disease and also the nature of how we are allowed to do clinical trials is high, the risk is high. But obviously, we are very, very interested in the data. And then we are also looking very much forward to ziltivekimab readout out in 2026.

So exciting times ahead. And at the same time, with my new job and new title. I’m obviously also focused very much on building the research pipeline and portfolio. And I was about to say something I was not supposed to say. But in the not so distant future, you will hear more about what we plan to do with the research pipeline and how we progress that.

Operator

I think with that, we’re ready for the Q&A margin. Thanks a lot, clear on the [ reorganization ], the EASD program and then also the pipeline as well as the clarification in terms of optionality for sema and [ sema 7.2 ] submission.

Operator

Let’s move into Q&A for the next 35 to 40 minutes. One question per person, please. And let’s start on the front row with Mr. Parkhoi.

Martin Parkhoi   SEB

Martin Parkhoi from SEB. Could you maybe set the scene a little bit more on the expectation for the evoke trial? Maybe with the outcome in the baseline and what would be the normal progression of such a patient? And what will be good data?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So now you’re asking for a super complicated answer. Martin, I apologize for that in advance. The primary endpoint is a regulatory endpoint. And that is basically the gold standard from a regulatory perspective in both U.S. but also outside of the U.S. It’s called CDR sum of boxes, clinical dementia rating. And it consists of 6 domains in which domain you can get a score from 0 to 3, 0 being normal, 3 being substantially cognitively impaired. And you basically then get a sum, hence the name CDR sum of boxes and the highest sum that you can get is by inference, 18, so 6 times 3. And that would basically indicate a very, very, very cognitively impaired person or someone suffering from severe dementia.

Normal is 0. And that basically also means that any delay in progression from 0 towards 18 is clinically relevant. And that means that how I measure success is of statistical significance. That will lead to a label update, and that will be clinically meaningful to a patient.

I mean, let’s say, I say — tell you that I see a 10% improvement of CDR sum of boxes over placebo, doesn’t make sense to you. But if I tell you that I can delay the progression by, let’s say, 0.5% or a full point that’s actually clinically meaningful. That’s the difference between moving from mild cognitive impairment to mild dementia to more severe dementia.

And if we can show that study is powered to show a difference of 20%. And again, that would actually — I mean, what 20% of 18 is. That basically means that’s what we’ve powered the study for, but we also now know that we can actually detect to the low teens in terms of statistical significance. And based on our dialogue with treating physicians, that’s still very clinically relevant because it implies a delay of progression to the next and most severe level of dementia. Sorry, long answer.

Operator

That’s very clear. Thank you, Martin. Let’s move to Michael also in the first row.

Michael Novod   Nordea Markets

Michael Novod from Nordea. Just trying to figure out, Martin, how is the thinking around the different CagriSema co-formulation and then comes amycretin. So what happens to CagriSema’s normal form dual chamber. If co-formulation is successful, how fast can you progress it from now and we know that you’re sort of through the first step. And then sort of the overall split going forward between those 3 drugs, I would say.

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

Absolutely. It’s also a little bit of a talk that you need to have to — with Ludovic after this. But the co-formulation is to allow us flexibility in terms of how we scale. As you know, we are already planning to scale the dual chamber device quite substantially. So we are prepared for a full scale launch when we get the approval, starting with U.S.

That being said, we also know that the dual chamber device is a single-dose device, and if we can co-formulate and have that co-formulation in our PDS290 or FlexTouch, that will give us more flexibility. And that basically means that these 2 offerings maybe not in the same country, but that remains to be seen. These 2 offerings can coexist. They basically will allow us a global flexibility in how we scale our production. Amycretin, in the base case, amycretin will have the same safety, tolerability and efficacy as CagriSema. It’s still a very valuable offering for us because it’s 1 molecule. And it definitely goes into a single chamber device because it is only that 1 molecule. And it’s 1 API. So from a scalability perspective, at the very least, it’s 1 API versus 2 APIs and it can for sure, go into whatever device we need it to go into.

But these are early days, we don’t know the clinical profile of amycretin, you’ve seen the data today, was it yesterday? We presented the data, 60 milligram, 36 weeks, 24.4% weight loss that holds a promise of a substantial weight loss with amycretin. I don’t want to sit here and say, I think it’s going to be better than CagriSema, but there is that possibility. And it doesn’t seem that we need to compromise on safety and tolerability go into that weight loss.

So there is a really, really strong base case for amycretin, but there is also a very exciting upside that we need to show in Phase III.

Operator

Thank you, Martin. That’s very clear. So for dual chamber base cases launch with a relevant upside for co-formulation. And I’m sure we’ll get back to the MACE program later, if I notice one from audience as well. [ Carsten ]?

Unknown Analyst

Thank you. I’m guessing many of us were just at orforglipron presentation, but there was some commentary in the end about patient dropouts and how it has become increasingly difficult to keep patients on clinical trials.

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

I’ve heard that too. Yes, I can recognize that…

Unknown Analyst

No, I was just interested in hearing your opinion on that.

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

I have to say, I mean, we all run trials in different ways, in different countries and at different sites. So we are obviously happy with our model. We have not seen — and I think this is important. I mean, at this point in time? Including compounding, we are maybe treating 3 million patients in U.S. total.

And that means that an argument of patients dropping in and out because there’s availability of in-market drug in a space where we are still not treating just in U.S., more than 100 million people. I’m not sure I fully recognize that. And we don’t see that in our own trials. I mean it’s — you’ve seen us report on trials all the time. I don’t think that we’ve seen that. I don’t want to rule it out. I just have to say at this point in time, I cannot recognize.

Operator

Very good. Let’s move to the next question. Let’s go to Kerry and then to James afterwards.

Kerry Holford   Joh. Berenberg, Gossler & Co. KG

Kerry Holford. Things have evolved more positively for cagrilintide and clearly now progressing the Phase III monotherapy. Can you talk about how you plan to progress in manufacturing of that product as I believe previously, manufactured or planned to be manufactured externally. Is that view now changing? And if so, if you’re thinking of now brining this in-house, how do you balance it with the development of sema?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

Yes. So I don’t want to go too much into detail. You’re absolutely right. We have started out by producing cagrilintide outside of our own facilities. But as you also know, we’ve invested heavily in building facilities over the last couple of years. And that is exactly to get the flexibility across. And I just showed you some of the — or basically the late-stage pipeline. But with the ambitions that we have from research, we’re also moving more into the clinical space.

Obviously, we need to maintain that flexibility. And that means that we will continue to produce I would say, more and more because we get more and more capacity in-house, but I do not want to rule out that cagrilintide or some future molecules will, at least in the beginning, be produced outside…

Operator

Question to James.

James Quigley   Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.

James Quigley from Goldman Sachs. Just picking up, continuing on the theme of cagrilintide monotherapy into the Phase III. Could you give us a flavor of what the Phase III design could look like? How many trials, whether you plan to do a CVOT, obviously, orforglipron didn’t have one and it doesn’t seem to matter in terms of the commercial execution at the moment? And then to pick up again on Carsten’s point. I think 1 of the reasons why the discussion said the clinical trial dropout rate was higher but also because of the forced up titration. So will that happen in your trials? Or will you have a more of a CagriSema type?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

I got beaten up a little bit on REDEFINE 1 because of not doing forced titration. The wonder of it was actually the patients who were allowed to do flexible lost more weight and people tend to forget that. I think you will also see for amycretin, but certainly also for cagrilintide we will not use force-titration. And this is exactly the reason.

In REDEFINE form, we had one-off, if my memory serves me correctly, actually the lowest discontinuation rate in this space. And considering a 23% weight loss, that is pretty amazing. And that’s basically because patients were allowed to titrate. So they one, actually lost a lot of body weight. But two, also could manage the speed of that body weight loss and three, and that’s to your question, also could manage the gastrointestinal side effect. And just to give you that example in REDEFINE 1, we saw with cagrilintide approximately half of the gastrointestinal adverse events that we saw with the GLP-1 analog.

And for CagriSema, we saw the same gastrointestinal side effects as we saw for the GLP-1 analog. So this works not only from a clinical trial perspective, but also from a, I would say, a real world perspective, we’re trying to — mimicking what we know is happening in real world. And again, I just want to remind you of the patients who used flexible titration in REDEFINE 1, they lost 26% on CagriSema.

So we believe that works, and that is something that we will continuously adjust. I mean, we listen to treating physicians. We obviously also listen to key opinion leaders, but we also listen to patients. And we’re trying to understand exactly with different offerings, what is the best way to treat. And I think Ludovic and I share that hobbyhorse of being patient-centric in how we both develop our drugs but also how we approach our patients.

To your question, the initial trials are actually quite simple. Aiming to get a very fast approval. We will build on those trials, also maybe testing higher doses. And we will also generate data in more subpopulations. Too early for me to say if we will do a cardiovascular outcomes trial. I think what you’re hinting at is that there has been a notion that CV benefits is a class effect. I think recent data suggests that it’s really, really not. I don’t belittle that most GLP-1-based therapies have CV benefits. I’ll just remind you, 26%, and we only have the comparative data for diabetes, 26% in diabetes for semaglutide, second best is dulaglutide and liraglutide and now tirzepatide with 12%.

And then there is a couple that is even below that. So from a numerical and from volume or the benefit perspective, there is a difference. And then there’s always the joke that I love to mention, albiglutide that is — that was taken off the market, didn’t give a very good weight loss, didn’t give very good glycemic control, but a 22% reduction in CV MACE. That speaks to there’s something in these GLP-1 analogs that we don’t understand. That is not generic for GLP-1 analogs. And again, we believe that semaglutide stands out. And I hate to quote Martin Parkhoi, so he can do it himself.

Operator

Thanks, Martin. Thanks, James. And then one reminder on trial design is, of course, a keen eye on dose re-escalation as part of it. Let’s move to the left-hand side and Richard Vosser, please.

Richard Vosser   JPMorgan Chase & Co

Richard Vosser from JPMorgan. Actually, on cagrilintide again and trial design, but also Amylin 355. Just with cagrilintide, your competitors are doing some maintenance trials, I think, with their small molecule. One area where you could think about that maybe with albiglutide monotherapy as well.

So just your thoughts there on maintenance and probably linked to James’ question, if you’re going to do maintenance, then do you have to prove a CV benefit for payers? Because that’s what they really want. And just Amylin 355, just your latest thoughts on what the best approach to Amylin is calcitonin balance?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

For better or worse, until I see that readout. I have to give you my usual answer. None of us really knows. And I really want to see in our hands that differentiated approach. As you know, we have more focus on Amylin and then cagrilintide is a dual acting.

So it’s — that’s going to be interesting. On maintenance, I actually agree with you. And that’s also, again, why I’m really, really happy with our portfolio. We can think about cagrilintide as a maintenance therapy. I don’t want to rule out that CV data will be required in that space. We can think about. And again, in that context, oral semaglutide as a maintenance therapy. We can actually also think about just lowering the dose.

But I do want to call out and I’m doing the same thing. So it’s not that most of us think about maintenance in obesity as less intensive than the weight loss therapy. But if we compare obesity to, let’s say, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, also metabolic and progressive diseases over time, more intensive therapy is required, not less.

So what we need to prepare for, these are early days in obesity, none of us really know, is that maybe there is a time where you have to do less intensive therapy because that is okay, the first couple of years. But we cannot rule out that over time, we will also be thinking about more intensive therapy. And again, a differentiated portfolio with drugs that could potentially be added on or be switched to a more intensive therapy. We believe that’s the way to go, and that’s the way that we serve the full obesity population, not only now and next year but also for the longer term.

Operator

Thank you, Martin. Thank you, Richard. Let’s move to Mattias in the second row.

Mattias Häggblom   Handelsbanken Capital Markets AB

Mattias Häggblom from Handelsbanken. So in the New England paper on orforglipron, the offers made clear reference to therapies that generate a weight loss of more than 10% of obesity, correlates with a CV benefit proven by the SELECT study with semaglutide. So how do you think about that comparison almost hijacking your data? And at what point will CV benefit really matter for patients and physicians, doesn’t seem to be the case yet.

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So first of all, I’ll just return to what I said before. No GLP-1 is the same when it comes to CV benefit. It’s interesting that I think unfortunately — and I hate to be cheeky, but I hope the authors also have read the literature also on the SELECT data.

We have very clearly communicated that the weight loss is not the only driver of CV benefit. Actually, it’s only explaining. I don’t think we’ve communicated the proportion, but it’s less than 30% of the CV benefit that is explained by the weight loss in remediation analysis. So that statement actually makes no sense. And the only way that you can talk about CV benefit for GLP-1 is to generate the data.

I think our competitor has just done that for their GLP-1 GIP analog and they’ve showed there is a CV benefit to the tune of 12% risk reduction. And that is to be differentiated from semaglutide, which is 26%. And I have no idea what a small molecule GLP-1 will do.

Operator

Absolutely. Thank you, Martin, and thank you, Mattias, and we’ll move to Bank of America.

Unknown Analyst

[indiscernible] with Bank of America. A question on the evoke trial and the beta amyloid drop-in. So do you have any expectation or a sense of what percent drop in and how balanced that could be between the arms?

And I think how stringent the criteria to permit the drop-in of beta amyloid would be. And then I think more broadly given we’re seeing obesity trials with the placebo patients realizing they’re either not on GLP-1 from weight loss or lack of GI tox. How do you avoid placebo patients accidentally unblinding and requesting beta amyloid drop in? And then a very short second one, you have a slot at CTAD is that high confidence in data before December 4?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

I have no idea what the data will show. So we have that slot because we want to communicate the data. So trust me, they have me in handcuffs and I don’t know what, I have no idea what the data will show. And actually, at this point in time, nor does anyone in Novo Nordisk.

So in terms of the drop in, given the penetration and given where this has been marketed, we are not that concerned about drop-in. On drop-in, in the placebo arm on GLP-1, we cannot rule that out. We see that in most of our studies and all of them are powered to handle that and take care of that.

Operator

Thank you, Martin. Thank you, [ Charlie ]. This is for Conor.

Conor MacKay   BMO Capital Markets Equity Research

Conor MacKay here from BMO. The discussion at the presentation today made a point about the need for active comparator arms in some of these studies. I guess, how are you thinking about that in the context of the development of some of your earlier-stage clinical assets? And if you were to plan to incorporate active comparators, I guess, what would you use as that comparator?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So first of all, I think that’s a thought that is very close to our line of thinking. I think we do — still need to do placebo-controlled studies, but I also think that we need active comparator studies in this space of obesity. If you want to look at cardiovascular benefit, the only relevant comparator is semaglutide and don’t misunderstand me from my perspective, if I show non-inferiority to semaglutide, I can claim a 20% benefit in obesity.

If I show superiority to semaglutide, then obviously, that’s a good thing also. So from my perspective, that is okay. If you want to do an active comparator for weight loss, you can either do tirzepatide or you can do without. And you are already seeing us to do that. So with CagriSema, there are 2 studies already running with — head-to-head against tirzepatide. And we are considering that also for the MACE program.

Operator

Very good. Fifteen minutes left, let’s move to [indiscernible] and then Emily behind afterwards.

Unknown Analyst

[indiscernible] from DNB Carnegie. You talked about speed to market and you’ve been somewhat slow with cagrilintide, maybe also maybe also CagriSema going to market. How do you see the new initiative from the U.S. government to speed that up, impact the market?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So I think that is great. I think speed to market is important. It’s about serving patients with huge unmet needs. So we want to have our medicines reach patients as soon as possible. I also have to acknowledge that you have a point with both cagrilintide and CagriSema.

For CagriSema specifically, we very clearly communicated we wanted to have a robust supply chain. So we could have a full-scale launch. We don’t want to run into discontinuity of care for patients if they cannot access the drug. So now we have that supply chain, and therefore, we do the launch that I think is the more patient-centric approach. Of course, it would have been wonderful to just go full speed ahead, but I think it’s the right approach because now we can do a full-scale launch.

For cagrilintide in monotherapy. You also heard me say, we wanted to see what cagrilintide in monotherapy could do, both in terms of the efficacy. I — there has to be a minimum weight loss for this to be relevant for a patient and in this space, but more specifically in terms of the safety and tolerability. We were actually very happy to see the safety and tolerability profile with cagrilintide. And as you’ve also seen from other players within the amylin space, it’s not given that you have a clean amylin safety and tolerability profile.

So we demonstrated that. And therefore, you could say we could have started Phase III a year ago, but it’s prudent to look at the data and sometimes to take an informed position rather than sometimes. And we do both, sometimes we take a high risk decision to move fast ahead. And sometimes we decide that we want to look at the data.

Operator

Super. And then let’s move to [ Jameel ].

Unknown Analyst

[indiscernible] from Barclays. So, could you please comment on any updated thoughts on the clinical relevance of the weight loss quality, please? So because we haven’t really seen the lean mass preservation in the human studies for amylin, but we did see today there’s like proportional more fat loss in orforglipron ATTAIN-1 data versus the other obesity studies. So I’m just wondering like how clinically relevant it is? And also, is there any reason that orforglipron showed a differentiated impact on these metrics versus the peptide?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So I actually haven’t seen those data. So I had to admit that. That being said, there’s always a disproportional fat loss as compared to lean mass when we lose weight. There’s been some really, really good publications outside of the drug-induced weight loss, suggesting it’s the speed of the weight loss that is driving that versus lean mass.

So the faster you lose weight the more proportionate you lose lean mass rather than fat mass. And that’s also why we — you’ve heard me talk about many, many times, fast titration is not smart. It’s not good for lean body mass preservation. It’s not good for side effects. So from that perspective, we’re always focused on that. Based on the data that I have seen and that I can speak to, which is obviously semaglutide and actually also other of our competitors, that disproportionate more fat mass than lean mass weight loss takes place.

You do lose lean mass, but you lose more fat mass and that basically means that you improve your body composition with semaglutide, you also do that with our competitors’ drugs. The important thing here is — and we’ve actually had 2 pieces of data at the EASD on that is that patients do not lose muscle strength or functionality.

We’ve actually established maybe most prominent from the step-up trial, where we see the biggest weight loss. Again, we see a lot of fat loss. We see a lot of lean or some lean mass loss, but the muscle strength and the functionality is fully preserved. I think that is incredibly important. So an interesting discussion at the conference today on sarcopenia with GLP-1s. And the first definition by the discussion was sarcopenia is defined by loss of muscle strength. We don’t see that with GLP-1s. So it’s a little bit of a folly to call it sarcopenia, at least based on the data that we have at this point in time.

But no one is saying that you’re not losing lean mass with weight loss. You do that also without a drug-induced weight loss. But the proportion is most often more fat mass, less lean — and the big driver of that, as far as I can see, is the speed of the weight loss.

Operator

Thank you, Martin. I believe there’s also a post on oral on sema 7.2 mg lean body mass at the conference.

Let’s move to the caller here.

Unknown Analyst

[ Kritika Calia ], JPMorgan Asset Management. The question I had is reverting back to CagriSema. You said today that you’re gearing amycretin more towards obesity. How confident are you in the ability for CagriSema to differentiate? And do you see it geared towards 1 or the other? And then bigger picture do you feel more confident in your outlook in diabetes or within obesity?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

That was many questions. And it’s all about my confidence. So in general, when we talk about CagriSema and amycretin, the data that we have from weight loss and obesity is quite confident. So at the very least, we see 23% weight loss with a very good and strong safety and tolerability profile. I think that if we continue to see that in our clinical trials and maybe even slightly more weight loss, then obviously, I’m very confident.

And the same thing for amycretin. Best data that we have right now is Phase I. So it’s early days. But 24% or actually more than 24% weight loss in 36 weeks is suggesting that, that is a good weight loss drug. The amylin biology in diabetes, and I’m fully aware, there’s a short-acting amylin analog approved for treatment of diabetes and it has been for many years. But for that really to be impactful in CagriSema or amycretin perspective, the offering would have to be superior in glycemic control over semaglutide. That’s a tall order.

And you’ll not hear me say that’s a slam dunk or that’s a given. We will not have done Phase III without believing in it. But we don’t have very many data supporting amylin and diabetes and glycemic control. Based on everything that we know, we think that it’s a very good proposition, and we’ll see the readout later this year, as we just discussed.

And I have to say, REDEFINE 2 did really show that CagriSema reduces blood glucose quite substantially. There was just no comparator in that trial. So I don’t know whether it’s superior to semaglutide.

Operator

We have time for a few more. So let’s move to Martin Parkhoi on the first row.

Martin Parkhoi   SEB

Just back to the 7.2 milligram, of course, we have seen what has happened in U.K. and that they already — all the clinics have started to actively promote the 7.2 milligram data already even before its launch…

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

I would like to see the proof first.

Martin Parkhoi   SEB

Yes. But they really started. So has that been a part of motivation also to go to U.S. to get the marketing angle there? And into that question, with respect to devices in U.S., now you also have the FlexTouch device coming, what will be the administration of 7.2 in U.S.?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So that’s not for me to speculate on, but it’s a good question.

Martin Parkhoi   SEB

But you know it, so don’t need to speculate on this.

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

No, right. Then I will not disclose it.

Operator

The one is submission functionality and then the step 2 is potential launch. Let’s move to the next one, [ Carsten ].

Unknown Analyst

Thank you. I was just hoping that we could take another round on GIP. There was a presentation today with sema plus GIP versus sema versus GIP alone, I think, essentially showing that whenever you use GIP in a Danish trial, you never find anything at all?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

And that’s 1 way of putting it.

Unknown Analyst

But maybe I can hear your thoughts one more time on GIP because you also at ADA, discontinued the GLP-1 GIP you haven’t…

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So that is a consideration, was basically driven by redundancy differentiation. We saw really good and on par weight loss with that GLP-1 GIP. It was wasn’t differentiated and then it’s not for us to push it further into Phase III.

So the question becomes in a GLP-1, GIP 1 molecule, so molecular format. Is it a really, really good GLP-1? Because either it’s just good or it’s dosed right or it’s biased. So the receptor stays longer on the surface. All of those series are out there. Or does GIP add to the weight loss potential? Based on everything I still know, regardless of Danish studies, we can get the same weight loss with semaglutide 7.2 milligram as a GLP-1 GIP can, 21%. That suggests to me that if you dose a GLP-1, right? That’s probably where you’re going to get. That’s also why you need to go to maybe other biologies for co-administration to get even further weight losses.

Now what this means for GIP antagonism, I don’t know. I think the jury is still out. I think it’s an interesting field. And you will also see me continuously pushing both GIP agonist and antagonist into our pipeline, because I do believe that until we know I need to stay curious and we need to stay curious. And if we really want to claim to have the broadest and most diversified pipeline, we need to also be in that biology until it has once and for been proven. It’s not really doing a lot.

You will probably also have noticed from the study that GLP and monotherapy does a little bit on insulin sensitivity. Just doesn’t do a lot when it’s added to a GLP-1.

Operator

I see one more in the back.

Unknown Analyst

Martin, a couple of questions, if I may. First, 1 question then. I’ll focus on evoke. There’s preclinical evidence, which speaks to semaglutide blood-brain barrier penetration being lesser than liraglutide, but I don’t know how definitive that is. And do we need blood-brain barrier penetration to have the effect in the first place?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

I’m not aware of those data because actually, what I’ve seen myself is indicating the reverse. We can also discuss sort of discuss the concept of blood-brain barrier penetration, whether it’s broad, whether it’s local, whether it’s actually just activation of neurons that then leads to something else in the brain.

That being said, I think, some kind of either penetration or activity is required, and that is what we see with semaglutide specifically. So we have shown in animal models now that semaglutide not only improves the metabolism in the brain, also lowers the glucose levels in the brain, which is an important part of the Alzheimer’s pathophysiology. But also improves central inflammation.

And we do believe that, that is caused by a semi-direct effect. That being said, we are still exploring. We are still investigating this, because at this point in time, we don’t really fully know.

Operator

Thank you, [ Omar ]. thank you, Martin. Let’s take 2 more before I hand it over to you, Martin, for closing remarks, and I saw Michael first, and then I saw Mattias from Handelsbanken. Or there was not a hand, perhaps, Michael. No, then we go to Mattias and Richard Vosser in the end.

Mattias Häggblom   Handelsbanken Capital Markets AB

So coming back to the [indiscernible] orforglipron. It seems to show a plateauing effect around 48 weeks. So could you remind me how it resonates with what you’ve seen with oral sema in OASIS programs. And if you think duration of weight loss is likely to be different for a peptide versus a small molecule? And if so, why?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So I can’t answer that. It’s down to the dosing. When we talk about the speed of weight loss and how you titrate, I think with semaglutide we are typically seeing plateauing of weight loss between 40 and maybe 60 weeks. And with higher biologies or more potent biologies, we — and we showed that in REDEFINE 1.

We need to go beyond 68 weeks to see the plateau. So I think it depends on the priority. I think it depends a little bit on how you titrate — how fast or how aggressive you titrate.

Operator

Absolutely. Then let’s go to Richard for a final question.

Richard Vosser   JPMorgan Chase & Co

Richard Vosser, JPMorgan. Just thinking about breaking clinical trials by BMI, when do you start breaking up the trials and doing trials in different subsets of BMI? Do you do that with amycretin? Do you do that with cagrilintide? And when also do you go lower, so below 30%?

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

So lower, we have actually always done, but that’s the 27% to 30% with comorbidities. So that’s sort of part of what we do. But it’s a really, really good question. And you will already with the MACE program see that we are in the first trials, excluding patients who have BMI below 30.

So we are actually changing that concept. And it’s a little bit again, if we have an aim to lose more than 20% of body weight loss — or more than 20% of body weight, having BMI 27 and I asked you to lose 25% that will lead you to a BMI of 20. That’s not what patients want. And therefore, it doesn’t make sense to think about that offering for that patient. We’ll still investigate 27 to 30 because we’ll do that as part of comorbidities. And that’s a different — I mean, if we’re just focusing on the weight loss and the sort of bigger weight loss, we need to also then — a little bit to your point, we’re probably not doing fully what you’re asking. But we are taking the first steps, acknowledging that a big weight loss is not for everyone. And therefore, we will only include people with BMI of 30 and above.

Richard Vosser   JPMorgan Chase & Co

Do you spread out like you take out above 40 at some point as well because we’ve seen in orforglipron trials today sort of bimodal weight loss…

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

Yes, I saw that. That was interesting. We have been discussing that for cagrilintide, but mostly because we acknowledge that the weight loss is in the range of these, I would say, 12, maybe a little bit more percent. And therefore, if you have BMI of 40 then maybe something else would be required. I have to say we’ll investigate everything because, again, there are subpopulations that need something different. But I think it’s a reasonable thought that if you know that the weight loss is around 12%, you don’t include people with a BMI of 45 plus.

Operator

Very good. I’ll hand it over to you in a minute, Martin, for some final remarks. But thanks a lot for all your questions. We covered a lot of ground, multiple obesity assets, a bit on diabetes and also Alzheimer’s. No [indiscernible] this time around, but maybe — final remarks from you Martin.

Martin Lange   EVP of R&D, CSO and Member of the Management Board

I said — readout in ’26. Martin.

Yes. First of all, thank you for being here. Thank you for some really, really great questions and a good dialogue and thank you for your interest. We see a lot of progress, obviously, in our clinical pipeline, focusing on diabetes on obesity, but certainly also on cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, Rare Disease. And then we are focusing very much on pushing the early research pipeline closer to the clinic and into the clinic to make it visible in a not very distant future.

Thank you again, and enjoy the rest of EASD.